Supposedly, the truth can set you free. But
for many, deceit holds the key to money, fame, revenge or power, and
these prove all too tempting. In history, this has often resulted in
elaborate hoaxes, perjuries, and forgeries that had enormous ripple
effects.
In the following pages, we'll go over some of the most colossal and significant lies in history. Although such a list can't be comprehensive, we sought to include a variety of lies that influenced politics, science and even art. As a result of these, lives were lost, life-savings destroyed, legitimate research hampered and -- most of all -- faith in our fellow man shattered.
Without further ado, let's delve into one of the oldest and most successful lies on record.
10. The Trojan Horse
If
all is fair in love and war, this might be the most forgivable of
the big lies. When the Trojan Paris absconded with Helen, wife of the
Spartan king, war exploded. It had been raging for 10 long years when
the Trojans believed they had finally overcome the Greeks. Little did
they know, the Greeks had another trick up their sleeves.
In the following pages, we'll go over some of the most colossal and significant lies in history. Although such a list can't be comprehensive, we sought to include a variety of lies that influenced politics, science and even art. As a result of these, lives were lost, life-savings destroyed, legitimate research hampered and -- most of all -- faith in our fellow man shattered.
Without further ado, let's delve into one of the oldest and most successful lies on record.
10. The Trojan Horse
If
all is fair in love and war, this might be the most forgivable of
the big lies. When the Trojan Paris absconded with Helen, wife of the
Spartan king, war exploded. It had been raging for 10 long years when
the Trojans believed they had finally overcome the Greeks. Little did
they know, the Greeks had another trick up their sleeves.
In a stroke of genius,
the Greeks built an enormous wooden horse with a hollow belly in which
men could hide. After the Greeks convinced their foes that this
structure was a peace offering, the Trojans happily accepted it and
brought the horse within their fortified city. That night, as the
Trojans slept, Greeks hidden inside snuck out the trap door. Then, they
proceeded to slaughter and decisively defeat the Trojans.
This was unquestionably one of the biggest and most successful tricks known to history -- that is, if it's true. Homer mentions the occurrence in "The Iliad," and Virgil extrapolates the story in "The Aeneid." Evidence suggests that Troy itself existed, giving some validity to Homer's tales, and scholars have long been investigating how historically accurate these details are. One theory behind the Trojan horse comes from historian Michael Wood, who proposes that it was merely a battering ram in the shape of a horse that infiltrated the city [source: Haughton].
In any case, the story has won a permanent place in the Western imagination as a warning to beware of enemies bearing gifts.
9. Han van Meegeren's Vermeer Forgeries
This lie resulted from a classic case of wanting to please the
critics. Han van Meegeren was an artist who felt underappreciated and
thought he could trick art experts into admitting his genius.
This was unquestionably one of the biggest and most successful tricks known to history -- that is, if it's true. Homer mentions the occurrence in "The Iliad," and Virgil extrapolates the story in "The Aeneid." Evidence suggests that Troy itself existed, giving some validity to Homer's tales, and scholars have long been investigating how historically accurate these details are. One theory behind the Trojan horse comes from historian Michael Wood, who proposes that it was merely a battering ram in the shape of a horse that infiltrated the city [source: Haughton].
In any case, the story has won a permanent place in the Western imagination as a warning to beware of enemies bearing gifts.
9. Han van Meegeren's Vermeer Forgeries
This lie resulted from a classic case of wanting to please the
critics. Han van Meegeren was an artist who felt underappreciated and
thought he could trick art experts into admitting his genius.
In
the early 20th century, scholars were squabbling about whether the great
Vermeer had painted a series of works depicting biblical scenes. Van
Meegeren pounced on this opportunity and set to work carefully forging
one such disputed work, "The Disciples at Emmaus." With tireless
attention to detail, he faked the cracks and aged hardness of a
centuries-old painting. He intentionally played on the confirmation bias
of critics who wanted to believe that Vermeer painted these scenes. It
worked: Experts hailed the painting as authentic, and van Meegeren made
out like a bandit producing and selling more fake Vermeers. Greed
apparently overcame his desire for praise, as he decided not to out
himself.
However, van Meegeren, who was working in the 1930s and '40s, made one major mistake. He sold a painting to a prominent member of the Nazi party in Germany. After the war, Allies considered him a conspirator for selling a "national treasure" to the enemy. In a curious change of events, van Meegeren had to paint for his freedom. In order to help prove that the painting was no national treasure, he forged another in the presence of authorities.
He escaped with a light sentence of one year in prison, but van Meegeren died of a heart attack two months after his trial.
8. Bernie Madoff's Ponzi Scheme
When Bernie Madoff admitted that his investment firm was "just one big lie," it was an understatement.
In 2008, he confessed to having conned about $50 billion from investors
who trusted him with their savings. Madoff used the formula of a Ponzi scheme to keep up the fraud for more than a decade.
However, van Meegeren, who was working in the 1930s and '40s, made one major mistake. He sold a painting to a prominent member of the Nazi party in Germany. After the war, Allies considered him a conspirator for selling a "national treasure" to the enemy. In a curious change of events, van Meegeren had to paint for his freedom. In order to help prove that the painting was no national treasure, he forged another in the presence of authorities.
He escaped with a light sentence of one year in prison, but van Meegeren died of a heart attack two months after his trial.
8. Bernie Madoff's Ponzi Scheme
When Bernie Madoff admitted that his investment firm was "just one big lie," it was an understatement.
In 2008, he confessed to having conned about $50 billion from investors
who trusted him with their savings. Madoff used the formula of a Ponzi scheme to keep up the fraud for more than a decade.
This
classic lie is named after the notorious Charles Ponzi, who used the
ploy in the early 20th century. It works like this: A schemer promises
investors great returns, but instead of investing the money, he keeps
some for himself and uses the funds from new investments to pay off
earlier investors.
Madoff may not have invented this lie, but he took it to new lengths. For one, he made a record amount of money from the scheme. But he was also able to keep it going much longer than most Ponzi schemers. Usually, the scam falls apart quickly because it requires the schemer to constantly find more and more investors. It was also an especially shocking lie because Madoff, as a former chairman of NASDAQ, had been an accomplished and respected expert in the financial field. Compare this to Chares Ponzi, who was a petty ex-con by the time he launched his scheme.
7. Anna Anderson, Alias Anastasia
With the onslaught of the Russian Revolution,
the existence of a royal family was intolerable to the Bolsheviks. In
1918, they massacred the royal Romanov family -- Czar Nicholas II, his
wife, son and four daughters -- to ensure that no legitimate heir could
later resurface and rally the public for support.
Madoff may not have invented this lie, but he took it to new lengths. For one, he made a record amount of money from the scheme. But he was also able to keep it going much longer than most Ponzi schemers. Usually, the scam falls apart quickly because it requires the schemer to constantly find more and more investors. It was also an especially shocking lie because Madoff, as a former chairman of NASDAQ, had been an accomplished and respected expert in the financial field. Compare this to Chares Ponzi, who was a petty ex-con by the time he launched his scheme.
7. Anna Anderson, Alias Anastasia
With the onslaught of the Russian Revolution,
the existence of a royal family was intolerable to the Bolsheviks. In
1918, they massacred the royal Romanov family -- Czar Nicholas II, his
wife, son and four daughters -- to ensure that no legitimate heir could
later resurface and rally the public for support.
Soon, rumors
floated around that certain members of the royal family had escaped and
survived. As one might expect, claimants came out of the woodwork. "Anna
Anderson" was the most famous. In 1920, Anderson was admitted to a
hospital after attempting suicide and confessed that she was Princess
Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the royal family. She stood out from
other claimants because she held a certain resemblance to and
surprising knowledge of the Russian family and life at court.
Although a few relatives and acquaintances who'd known Anastasia believed Anderson, most didn't. By 1927, an alleged former roommate of Anderson claimed that her name was Franziska Schanzkowska, not Anna and certainly not Anastasia. This didn't stop Anderson from indulging in celebrity and attempting to cash in on a royal inheritance. She ultimately lost her case in the legal proceedings that dragged on for decades, but she stuck to her story until her death in 1984. Years later, upon the discovery of what proved to be the remains of the royal family, DNA tests confirmed her to be a fake. In 2009, experts were able to finally confirm that all remains have been found and that no family member escaped execution in 1918.
6. Titus Oates and the Plot to Kill Charles II
By the time he fabricated his notorious plot, Titus Oates already had
a history of deception and general knavery. He'd been expelled from
some of England's finest schools as well as the navy. Oates was even
convicted of perjury and escaped imprisonment. But his biggest lie was still ahead of him.
Although a few relatives and acquaintances who'd known Anastasia believed Anderson, most didn't. By 1927, an alleged former roommate of Anderson claimed that her name was Franziska Schanzkowska, not Anna and certainly not Anastasia. This didn't stop Anderson from indulging in celebrity and attempting to cash in on a royal inheritance. She ultimately lost her case in the legal proceedings that dragged on for decades, but she stuck to her story until her death in 1984. Years later, upon the discovery of what proved to be the remains of the royal family, DNA tests confirmed her to be a fake. In 2009, experts were able to finally confirm that all remains have been found and that no family member escaped execution in 1918.
6. Titus Oates and the Plot to Kill Charles II
By the time he fabricated his notorious plot, Titus Oates already had
a history of deception and general knavery. He'd been expelled from
some of England's finest schools as well as the navy. Oates was even
convicted of perjury and escaped imprisonment. But his biggest lie was still ahead of him.
Raised
Protestant by an Anabaptist preacher, Oates entered Cambridge as a
young man to study for Anglican orders. After misconduct got him
dismissed from his Anglican post, he started associating with Catholic
circles and feigned conversion.
With the encouragement of fellow anti-Catholic Israel Tonge, Oates
infiltrated enemy territory by entering a Catholic seminary. In fact, he
entered two seminaries -- both of which expelled him. But it hardly
mattered. By this time, he had gathered enough inside information and
names to wreak enormous havoc.
In 1678, Oates concocted and pretended to uncover a plot in which the Jesuits were planning to murder King Charles II. The idea was that they wanted to replace Charles with his Catholic brother, James. What ensued was a three-year panic that fueled anti-Catholic sentiment and resulted in the executions of about 35 people.
After Charles died in 1685, James became king and had Oates tried for perjury. Oates was convicted, pilloried and imprisoned. He only spent a few years in jail, however, as the Glorious Revolution swept through England in 1688. Without James in power, Oates got off with a pardon and a pension.
5. Piltdown Man
After
Charles Darwin published his revolutionary "On the Origin of Species"
in 1859, scientists scrambled to find fossil evidence of extinct human
ancestors. They sought these so-called "missing links" to fill in the
gaps on the timeline of human evolution. When archaeologist
Charles Dawson unearthed what he thought was a missing link in 1910,
what he really found was one of the biggest hoaxes in history.
In 1678, Oates concocted and pretended to uncover a plot in which the Jesuits were planning to murder King Charles II. The idea was that they wanted to replace Charles with his Catholic brother, James. What ensued was a three-year panic that fueled anti-Catholic sentiment and resulted in the executions of about 35 people.
After Charles died in 1685, James became king and had Oates tried for perjury. Oates was convicted, pilloried and imprisoned. He only spent a few years in jail, however, as the Glorious Revolution swept through England in 1688. Without James in power, Oates got off with a pardon and a pension.
5. Piltdown Man
After
Charles Darwin published his revolutionary "On the Origin of Species"
in 1859, scientists scrambled to find fossil evidence of extinct human
ancestors. They sought these so-called "missing links" to fill in the
gaps on the timeline of human evolution. When archaeologist
Charles Dawson unearthed what he thought was a missing link in 1910,
what he really found was one of the biggest hoaxes in history.
The
discovery was the Piltdown man, pieces of a skull and jaw with molars
located in the Piltdown quarry in Sussex, England. Dawson brought his
discovery to prominent paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward, who touted
its authenticity to his dying day.
Although the discovery gained world renown, the lie behind Piltdown man slowly and steadily unraveled. In the ensuing decades, other major discoveries suggested Piltdown man didn't fit in the story of human evolution. By the 1950s, tests revealed that the skull was only 600 years old and the jaw came from an orangutan. Some knowledgeable person apparently manipulated these pieces, including filing down and staining the teeth.
The scientific world had been duped. So who was behind the fraud? Many suspects have surfaced, including Dawson himself. Today, most signs point to Martin A. C. Hinton, a museum volunteer at the time of the discovery. A trunk bearing his initials contained bones that were stained in exactly the same way the Piltdown fossils were. Perhaps he was out to embarrass his boss, Arthur Smith Woodward, who refused to give him a weekly salary.
4. The Dreyfus Affair
Like the conspiracy invented by Titus Oates, this scandal was built
on a lie that dramatically affected national politics and was
perpetuated for years by hatred. Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in
the French Army in the late 19th century when he was accused of a
treasonous crime: selling military secrets to Germany.
Although the discovery gained world renown, the lie behind Piltdown man slowly and steadily unraveled. In the ensuing decades, other major discoveries suggested Piltdown man didn't fit in the story of human evolution. By the 1950s, tests revealed that the skull was only 600 years old and the jaw came from an orangutan. Some knowledgeable person apparently manipulated these pieces, including filing down and staining the teeth.
The scientific world had been duped. So who was behind the fraud? Many suspects have surfaced, including Dawson himself. Today, most signs point to Martin A. C. Hinton, a museum volunteer at the time of the discovery. A trunk bearing his initials contained bones that were stained in exactly the same way the Piltdown fossils were. Perhaps he was out to embarrass his boss, Arthur Smith Woodward, who refused to give him a weekly salary.
4. The Dreyfus Affair
Like the conspiracy invented by Titus Oates, this scandal was built
on a lie that dramatically affected national politics and was
perpetuated for years by hatred. Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in
the French Army in the late 19th century when he was accused of a
treasonous crime: selling military secrets to Germany.
After his highly publicized trial, authorities sentenced him to life imprisonment
on Devils Island, and anti-Semitic groups used him as an example of
unpatriotic Jews. However, suspicions arose that the incriminating
letters were in fact forged and that a Maj. Esterhazy was the real
culprit. When French authorities suppressed these accusations, the
novelist Emile Zola stepped up to accuse the army of a vast cover-up.
The scandal exploded into a fight between so-called Dreyfusards, who wanted to see the case reopened, and anti-Dreyfusards, who didn't. On both sides, the debate became less about Dreyfus' innocence and more about the principle. During the dramatic 12-year controversy, many violent anti-Semitic riots broke out and political allegiances shifted as Dreyfusards called for reform.
After Maj. Hubert Joseph Henry admitted to forging key documents and committed suicide, a newly elected Cabinet finally reopened the case. The court found Dreyfus guilty again; however, he soon received a pardon from the president. A few years later, a civilian court of appeals found Dreyfus innocent, and he went on to have a distinguished army career and fought with honor in World War I. Meanwhile, the scandal had changed the face of politics in France.
3. Clinton/Lewinsky Affair
In January 1998, citizen journalist Matt Drudge reported a sensational story that turned out to be true. The president
of the United States, Bill Clinton, had an affair with a White House
intern, Monica Lewinsky. As suspicions mounted, Clinton publicly denied
the allegations. As if this lie weren't big enough, it turned out that
Clinton had lied under oath about the affair as well -- which was
perjury and grounds for impeachment.
The scandal exploded into a fight between so-called Dreyfusards, who wanted to see the case reopened, and anti-Dreyfusards, who didn't. On both sides, the debate became less about Dreyfus' innocence and more about the principle. During the dramatic 12-year controversy, many violent anti-Semitic riots broke out and political allegiances shifted as Dreyfusards called for reform.
After Maj. Hubert Joseph Henry admitted to forging key documents and committed suicide, a newly elected Cabinet finally reopened the case. The court found Dreyfus guilty again; however, he soon received a pardon from the president. A few years later, a civilian court of appeals found Dreyfus innocent, and he went on to have a distinguished army career and fought with honor in World War I. Meanwhile, the scandal had changed the face of politics in France.
3. Clinton/Lewinsky Affair
In January 1998, citizen journalist Matt Drudge reported a sensational story that turned out to be true. The president
of the United States, Bill Clinton, had an affair with a White House
intern, Monica Lewinsky. As suspicions mounted, Clinton publicly denied
the allegations. As if this lie weren't big enough, it turned out that
Clinton had lied under oath about the affair as well -- which was
perjury and grounds for impeachment.
Here's how the truth came
out. Paula Jones was an Arkansas state employee when then-governor
Clinton allegedly propositioned her. She later sued him for sexual
harassment. In an effort to prove that Clinton had a pattern of such
behavior, lawyers set out to expose his sexual affairs. They found Linda
Tripp, a former White House secretary and confidant of Lewinsky. Tripp
recorded telephone
conversations in which Lewinsky talked of her affair with Clinton.
Lawyers then probed Clinton with specific questions and cornered him
into denying the affair under oath.
During the highly publicized scandal, prosecutor Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton, who finally admitted to the relationship. Based on Starr's report, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton for not only perjury but obstruction of justice. Despite the scandal, Clinton maintained relatively high approval ratings from the American public, and the Senate acquitted him of the charges. However, in the eyes of many Americans, his legacy remained tarnished.
2. Watergate
Two
decades before the Clinton scandal, another U.S. president was caught
in a web of lies, and the controversy had devastating effects on the
country as a whole.
During the highly publicized scandal, prosecutor Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton, who finally admitted to the relationship. Based on Starr's report, the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton for not only perjury but obstruction of justice. Despite the scandal, Clinton maintained relatively high approval ratings from the American public, and the Senate acquitted him of the charges. However, in the eyes of many Americans, his legacy remained tarnished.
2. Watergate
Two
decades before the Clinton scandal, another U.S. president was caught
in a web of lies, and the controversy had devastating effects on the
country as a whole.
In
the summer before President Richard Nixon's successful re-election to a
second term, five men were caught breaking into the Democratic National
Committee headquarters, housed in the Watergate Hotel. As details
emerged over the next year, it became clear that officials close to
Nixon gave the orders to the burglars, perhaps to plant wiretaps on the
phones there. The question soon became about whether Nixon knew of,
covered up or even ordered the break-in.
In response to mounting suspicions, Nixon denied allegations that he knew anything. In front of 400 Associated Press editors, famously proclaimed, "I am not a crook." He was talking about whether he had ever profited from public service, but that one quote came to represent his entire political career.
It was a lie that came back to haunt him. When it was revealed that private White House conversations about the matter were recorded, the investigative committee subpoenaed the tapes. Nixon's refusal on the basis of "executive privilege" brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that he had to relinquish the tapes.
The tapes were exactly the smoking gun needed to implicate Nixon in the cover-up of the scandal. They revealed that he obviously knew more about the matter than he claimed. Upon the initiation of impeachment proceedings, Nixon gave up and resigned from office. The scandal left a lasting scar on the American political scene and helped usher Washington outsider Jimmy Carter into the presidency a few years later.
1. The Big Lie: Nazi Propaganda
By the time Nazism arose in Germany in the 1930s, anti-Semitism was
nothing new -- not by a long shot. The Jewish people had suffered a
long history of prejudice and persecution. And although Nazis
perpetuated centuries-old lies, this time those lies would have their
most devastating effects. Like never before, anti-Semitism was
manifested in a sweeping national policy known as "the Final Solution,"
which sought to eliminate Jews from the face of the Earth.
In response to mounting suspicions, Nixon denied allegations that he knew anything. In front of 400 Associated Press editors, famously proclaimed, "I am not a crook." He was talking about whether he had ever profited from public service, but that one quote came to represent his entire political career.
It was a lie that came back to haunt him. When it was revealed that private White House conversations about the matter were recorded, the investigative committee subpoenaed the tapes. Nixon's refusal on the basis of "executive privilege" brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that he had to relinquish the tapes.
The tapes were exactly the smoking gun needed to implicate Nixon in the cover-up of the scandal. They revealed that he obviously knew more about the matter than he claimed. Upon the initiation of impeachment proceedings, Nixon gave up and resigned from office. The scandal left a lasting scar on the American political scene and helped usher Washington outsider Jimmy Carter into the presidency a few years later.
1. The Big Lie: Nazi Propaganda
By the time Nazism arose in Germany in the 1930s, anti-Semitism was
nothing new -- not by a long shot. The Jewish people had suffered a
long history of prejudice and persecution. And although Nazis
perpetuated centuries-old lies, this time those lies would have their
most devastating effects. Like never before, anti-Semitism was
manifested in a sweeping national policy known as "the Final Solution,"
which sought to eliminate Jews from the face of the Earth.
To accomplish this, Adolf Hitler and his minister of propaganda,
Joseph Goebbels, launched a massive campaign to convince the German
people that the Jews were their enemies. Having taken over the press,
they spread lies blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems, including
the loss of World War I. One outrageous lie dating back to the Middle Ages
claimed that Jews engaged in the ritual killings of Christian children
and used their blood in the unleavened bread eaten at Passover .
Using Jews as the scapegoat, Hitler and his cronies orchestrated what they called "the big lie." This theory states that no matter how big the lie is (or more precisely, because it's so big), people will believe it if you repeat it enough. Everyone tells small lies, Hitler reasoned, but few have the guts to tell colossal lies. Because a big lie is so unlikely, people will come to accept it.
This theory helps us understand so many of the lies throughout history. Although we've barely scratched the surface of all those lies that deserve (dis)honorable mentions, you can satiate your historical curiosity by browsing the lists on the next page.
Using Jews as the scapegoat, Hitler and his cronies orchestrated what they called "the big lie." This theory states that no matter how big the lie is (or more precisely, because it's so big), people will believe it if you repeat it enough. Everyone tells small lies, Hitler reasoned, but few have the guts to tell colossal lies. Because a big lie is so unlikely, people will come to accept it.
This theory helps us understand so many of the lies throughout history. Although we've barely scratched the surface of all those lies that deserve (dis)honorable mentions, you can satiate your historical curiosity by browsing the lists on the next page.
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